The announcement of the funding to boost manufacturing and blue-collar jobs was held in Pennsylvania – a state that could determine the 2024 presidential election – underscoring the power Biden wields as he spends the upcoming months doling out money flowing from his landmark pieces of legislation that remain largely unknown to large swaths of the American public.

The seven proposed hubs involving companies ranging from Exxon Mobil to Amazon were selected, with their projects spanning 16 states from Pennsylvania to California.

The programme is intended to jump-start the production of "clean hydrogen" along with the infrastructure needed to get it to industrial users like steelmakers and cement plants.

"I'm here to announce one of the largest advanced manufacturing investments in the history of this nation," Biden said. "He noted that the total investment will reach R948 billion when taking into account additional investments from private companies.

Some 79 proposals had initially applied for the money.

Hydrogen is produced by electrolysing water, and the fuel can be considered clean – or low-emission – if it is produced using renewable energy, nuclear energy or natural gas with carbon-capture technology included.

Biden's administration has set a target to increase clean hydrogen output to 10 million metric tons by 2030, and 50 million by 2050, up fivefold from today – and considers the fuel an ideal option for cutting emissions from tough-to-decarbonise industrial users like steel and cement.

Industry representatives have expressed concerns about the economics of rapid development, however, citing high interest rates, inflation and uncertainty around permitting and access to additional federal subsidies.